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Species of monkey

Pygmy marmoset[1] [2]
Scientific nomenclature
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Course:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Callitrichidae
Genus:	Cebuella Greyness, 1866

The pygmy marmoset, genus Cebuella, is a small-scale genus of New World monkey native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. Information technology is notable for being the smallest monkey and one of the smallest primates in the world, at only over 100 grams (3.5 oz). Information technology is more often than not plant in evergreen and river-edge forests and is a gum-feeding specialist, or a gummivore.

Almost 83% of the pygmy marmoset population lives in stable troops of two to nine individuals, including a ascendant male, a breeding female, and up to four successive litters of offspring. The modal size of a standard stable troop would be six individuals.^[iii] Although most groups consist of family members, some may also include one or two additional adult members. Members of the group communicate using a circuitous arrangement including vocal, chemical, and visual signals. Three master calling signals depend on the distance the call needs to travel. These monkeys may also make visual displays when threatened or to show say-so. Chemical signaling using secretions from glands on the chest and genital area allow the female person to signal to the male person when she is able to reproduce. The female gives birth to twins twice a twelvemonth and the parental care is shared betwixt the grouping.

The pygmy marmoset has been viewed as somewhat different from typical marmosets, nearly of which are classified in the genera Callithrix and Mico, and thus is accorded its own genus, Cebuella, within the family unit Callitrichidae. The biggest threats are habitat loss and the pet merchandise.^[4]

Development and taxonomy [edit]

There has been debate among primatologists concerning the proper genus in which to place the pygmy marmoset. An test of the interstitial retinol binding protein nuclear factor (IRBP) in iii marmoset species showed that Callithrix as constructed in the 1990s also needed to include C. pygmaea to be monophyletic, and that the times of separation of pygmaea and the argentata and jacchus species groups from one another are less than 5 1000000 years agone, as might be expected for species of the same genus.^[5] All the same, subsequent separation of the argentata and jacchus species groups into different genera (the argentata grouping having been moved to Mico) justifies maintaining a separate genus for the pygmy marmoset, as Callithrix is no longer paraphyletic.^[6]

At that place are two species described of the pygmy marmoset:^{[ane] [two]}

• Cebuella pygmaea – Western pygmy marmoset
• Cebuella niveiventris – Eastern pygmy marmoset

There are few morphological differences betwixt these species, as they may only differ slightly in color, and they are just separated by geographical barriers, including large rivers in South America.^[7]

The evolution of this genus diverged in terms of body-mass from typical primates, with a high rate of body-mass reduction. This involves large decreases in pre-natal and post-natal growth rates, furthering the idea that pro-genesis played a role in the development of this animal.^[8]

Concrete description [edit]

The pygmy marmoset is the earth'due south smallest monkey.

Skull of a Pygmy marmoset

The pygmy marmoset is ane of the world's smallest primates, being the smallest true monkey, with a head-body length ranging from 117 to 152 mm (four.6 to 6.0 in) and a tail of 172 to 229 mm (6.eight to 9.0 in). The average adult body weight is merely over 100 grams (iii.5 oz) with the only sexual dimorphism of females being a little heavier.^{[ix] [10]} The fur colour is a mixture of brownish-gold, grey, and black on its back and head and xanthous, orangish, and tawny on its underparts. Its tail has black rings and its face has flecks of white on its cheeks and a white vertical line betwixt its optics.^[x] It has many adaptations for arboreal living including the ability to rotate its caput 180 degrees and sharp claw-like nails used to cling to branches and trees.^{[11] [12]} Its dental morphology is adapted to feeding on gum, with specialised incisors that are used to gouge trees and stimulate sap flow. Its cecum is larger than usual to allow for the greater menstruum of fourth dimension gum takes to pause downwards in the breadbasket.^[12] The pygmy marmoset walks on all four limbs and can leap up to v one thousand (16 ft) between branches.^{[11] [xiii]}

Ecology [edit]

Geographic range and habitat [edit]

The pygmy marmoset can be found in much of the western Amazon Basin, in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Republic of bolivia. The western pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea, occurs in the land of Amazonas, Brazil, eastern Peru, southern Colombia, and north-eastern Ecuador. The eastern pygmy marmoset, C. p. niveiventris, is besides found in Amazonas, but also in Acre, Brazil, eastern Peru, and northern Bolivia. The distribution of both subspecies is often express past rivers. It typically lives in the understory of the mature evergreen forests and often near rivers.^[six] Population density is correlated with food tree availability. Information technology can be constitute between basis level and most 20 metres (66 ft) into the trees but mostly does not enter the top of the canopy. Information technology is frequently institute in areas with standing water for more than three months of the twelvemonth.^[ten]

Diet [edit]

Specialised claws permit the pygmy marmoset to cling to trees while feeding.

This monkey has a specialized diet of tree gum. It gnaws holes in the bark of appropriate trees and vines with its specialized dentition to elicit the production of gum. When the sap puddles up in the hole, information technology laps it up with its natural language. It also lies in look for insects, peculiarly collywobbles, which are attracted to the sap holes. Information technology supplements its diet with nectar and fruit.^[fourteen] A group's dwelling range is 0.1 to 0.4 hectares (0.25 to 0.99 acres), and feeding is usually full-bodied on one or ii trees at a fourth dimension. When those become depleted, a group moves to a new home range. Chocolate-brown-mantled tamarins are more often than not sympatric with pygmy marmosets and frequently raid pygmy marmosets' gum holes.^[6]

Pygmy marmosets have adapted insect-like claws, known as tegulae, to engage in a high caste of claw-clinging behaviors associated with institute exudate exploitation. Exudate is any material that oozes out of a plant, including gum, sap, resin, and latex.^[15] Claw-clinging is primarily used during feeding, but also during institute exudate foraging.^[thirteen]

Behaviour [edit]

A pygmy marmoset group, ranging from two to 9 members, contains one or two adult males and ane or two adult females, including a single breeding female and her offspring.^[16] Interbirth interval ranges from 149–746 days.^[17] In contrast to other callitrichines, at that place is no relationship between the number of developed males and the number of infants and offspring. However, at that place is a significant positive relationship between the number of juveniles and the number of adult and sub-adult grouping members.^[eighteen] Young marmosets typically remain in the group for ii consecutive birth cycles. The pygmy marmoset uses special types of communication to give alerts and warning to its family members. These include chemic, vocal, and visual types of communication.^[19] Information technology is believed to serve to promote group cohesion and abstention of other family groups.^[20]

[edit]

Infant pygmy marmosets, along with their parents, twin, and other siblings, form cooperative intendance groups. Babbling, or vocalizing, by the infant marmoset is a key office of its relationships with its family members and is a major part of its development. Every bit the infant develops, the babbling gradually changes to resemble and eventually go adult vocalization. There are many similarities betwixt the development of vocalization in baby pygmy marmosets and speech in infant humans. Vocalizing gives the infant advantages such as increased intendance and allows the entire family unit to coordinate their activities without seeing each other.^[21]

Pygmy marmosets live in groups of two to nine individuals.

Siblings besides participate in infant care. Infant marmosets require the most attention, so having more than family members participating in the intendance decreases the price for any individual and besides teaches parenting skills to the juvenile marmosets. Members of the group, usually female, may fifty-fifty put off their ain reproduction through a temporary cessation of ovulation in lodge to intendance for the offspring of others in the grouping. The platonic number of caregivers for an infant marmoset has been shown to be effectually five individuals. Caregivers are responsible for finding nutrient for the infants besides as helping the male parent sentinel for predators.^[22]

The pygmy marmoset is a not-seasonal breeder and ordinarily gives birth to twins once or twice a yr.^[23] However, single births occur xvi% of the time and triplet births 8% of the fourth dimension.^[17] The pygmy marmoset is usually monogamous though at that place is some variation inside the species in terms of convenance systems. Polyandry also occurs as male marmosets are responsible for carrying the infants on their backs. Having a 2d male to carry the offspring can exist beneficial as marmoset litters are often twins and decreases the price to any detail male. The daily range of the pygmy marmoset, however, is relatively pocket-sized, which decreases the rate of polyandry.^[24]

Male and female pygmy marmosets show differences in foraging and feeding behavior, although male person and female dominance and aggressive beliefs varies within the species. Males have less time to search out food sources and forage due to the constraints of their babe caring responsibilities and predator vigilance. Without an baby to behave, female pygmy marmosets have greater liberty to forage, giving them an credible feeding priority. This priority may serve to compensate mothers for the energetic costs of carrying and lactating for ii offspring at a fourth dimension. However, the fact that feeding priority is also given to females without offspring weakens the argument. Instead, female person feeding priority may accept evolved through sexual option. Females may choose mates who invest more time in infant intendance and predator vigilance. Such males have less time to expect for food, assuasive the female person feeding priority.^[25]

Communication [edit]

Groups use contact calls to stay together when foraging, feeding, and travelling.

The pygmy marmoset is well known for its communication abilities including an intricate system of calls. The trill is used during feeding, foraging, and when travelling and the grouping is close together. The J-call is a series of fast notes repeated by the caller and is used at medium distances. Both calls are used as contact calls. The long phone call is used when the group is spread out over distances greater than x meters or in response to a neighboring group.^[19] The pygmy marmoset uses the trill for short-altitude communication, J-calls for intermediate distances, and long calls for long distances; these have respectively decreasing frequencies. Pigmy marmosets interpret these calls not only by blazon but also, through subtle sonic variance, past individual calling. Research based on sound playback tests shows that calls recorded from different individuals in captivity varied significantly in all seven auditory parameters analyzed for each type of call. Behavioral responses to trills were greatest when the caller was the dominant male of the group. Responses to J-calls were greatest when the caller was the monkey's mate or a same-sex activity monkey from exterior the group. Varying responses to private callers were only observed when the call was given spontaneously from another animal rather than existence played dorsum from a recording, with 1 exception. That exception was that male monkeys responded to playbacks of their own calls differently from those of other monkeys, when the call was played back from a familiar location. Information technology is thought the pygmy marmoset reacts at first to the blazon of call that is being made and and then adjusts its behavior slightly to react to the specific individual that is making the call. This allows the marmoset to react accordingly to all calls but bear witness some variation when the call gives extra data.^[xx]

Environmental factors play a part in communication by affecting the frequency of the signal and how far the signal tin can travel and still exist aural to communicate the desired message. Since the pygmy marmoset is often plant in the pelting forest, institute life and the boiling atmosphere add to the normal absorption and scattering of audio. Because depression frequency calls are affected less by the disturbances than their high frequency counterparts, they are used for communication across longer distances.^[19] The pygmy marmoset changes the characteristics of its calls when its social environment is changed. Developed marmosets will bear witness modifications in the structure of their calls which mimic that of their group members. In improver to changes of existing calls, novel calls may exist heard from marmosets subsequently pairing.^[26]

The pygmy marmoset has other means to communicate information about matters such every bit the female's ovulatory land. New World monkeys do not bear witness genital swelling during ovulation as female Sometime Globe monkeys exercise. Instead, a lack of female aggression towards males can serve every bit a signal of ovulation. Smell glands on its chest, anus, and genitals are also rubbed on surfaces which get out chemic signals nearly the reproductive state of the female.^[27] The pygmy marmoset also performs visual displays such as strutting, back-arching, and piloerection when it feels threatened or to show potency.^[28]

Conservation [edit]

They are threatened by habitat loss in some areas of its range, and by the pet trade in others (i.due east. Ecuador).^[6] Interaction between humans and the pygmy marmoset is associated with a number of behavioral changes in the fauna including social play and vocalization, both of which are important to communication betwixt animals in the species. Particularly in areas of heavy tourism, pygmy marmosets have a trend to be less noisy, less aggressive, and less playful with other individuals. They are also pushed into college strata of the rainforest than they would normally prefer. Tourism in areas native to the pygmy marmoset is also correlated with increased capture of the animal. Due to its minor size and relatively docile nature, captured pygmy marmosets are frequently found in exotic pet trades.^[29] Capture causes even more behavioral variations, including a decrease in both the number and the sound level of vocalizations.^[30] Pygmy marmosets tin also be found at local zoos, where they be in groups.^[31]

Equally pets [edit]

Finger monkeys' (pygmy marmoset) value is associated with them being the smallest primate in the world. New-built-in pygmy marmosets are usually v–six inches (130–150 mm) tall, and weigh from 100 grams (three.v oz).^[32] Although these primates are not in danger of extinction, they are rare to find in the market for purchase. Prices range from $1,000 to $4,000.^[32] Generally, a pygmy marmoset's life span is from 15 to xx years, they are known to have a shorter life in the wild mainly because they fall out of trees.^[33]

Another expense for these creatures as pets is the necessary essentials in order to maintain them. Creating an environment similar to that of where they are from is of import.^[34] For food, these creatures as pets are often fed fruits, insects, and smaller lizards.^[35] As pets, a baby pygmy marmoset needs to exist fed every two hours for at least two weeks.^[32] Understanding their natural nutrition is also of import because it helps maintain their good health from the necessary poly peptide, calcium and other nutritional sources they demand in order to survive.

In the Us, each state has dissimilar regulations when it comes to owning one of these creatures.^[32] Another cistron that needs to be considered is that a regular veterinary might not exist able to assist provide medical evaluations or intendance; one would need to seek out a veterinarian with a primate specialization.^[33] In South America information technology is illegal to either import or consign these creatures. Agreement the laws within those countries is important when it comes to because owning or taking care of a pygmy marmoset. Many people do not hold that pygmy marmosets should be pets.^[34] The argument is usually that they have a longer life span when they are in adept care from a man.^[35] Nevertheless, the UK RSPCA says they should "not be considered as pets in the accustomed sense of the discussion. They are wild undomesticated animals that cannot exist business firm-trained or fully tamed".^[36]

In popular civilization [edit]

• Fingerlings, the hit toy of Christmas 2017 produced by WowWee, is based on pygmy marmosets.^[37]

See too [edit]

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Groves, C. P. (2005). "Social club Primates". In Wilson, D. Due east.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the Earth: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (third ed.). Johns Hopkins Academy Press. p. 132. ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
2. ^ ^{a b} Rylands, A. B.; Mittermeier, R. A. (2009). "The multifariousness of the New World primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber, P. A.; Estrada, A.; Bicca-Marques, J. C.; Heymann, E. Due west.; Strier, K. B. (eds.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN978-0-387-78704-6.
3. ^ Soini, Pekka (1982). "Ecology and Population Dynamics of the Pygmy Marmoset, Cebuella Pygmaea". Folia Primatologica. 39 (1–two): 1–21. doi:ten.1159/000156066. PMID 6815036.
4. ^ de la Torre, Stella; Snowdon, Charles T.; Bejarano, Monserrat (2000). "Effects of human activities on wild pygmy marmosets in Ecuadorian Amazonia". Biological Conservation. 94 (ii): 153–163. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00183-4.
5. ^ Barroso, C. G. L.; Schneider, H.; Schneider, One thousand. P. C.; Sampaio, I.; Harada, Thou. Fifty.; Czelusniak, J.; Goodman, M. (1997). "Update on the phylogenetic systematics of New World monkeys: Farther Deoxyribonucleic acid bear witness for placing the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella) within the genus Callithrix". International Journal of Primatology. 18 (four): 651–674. doi:10.1023/A:1026371408379. S2CID 24741900.
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Rylands, A.B. & de la Torre, S. 2008. Cebuella pygmaea ssp. pygmaea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: eastward.T136926A4350391. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136926A4350391.en. Downloaded on nine July 2020.
7. ^ Groves, Colin P. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian.
8. ^ Montgomery, Due south. H.; Mundy, N. I. (2013). "Parallel episodes of phyletic dwarfism in callitrichid and cheirogaleid primates". Journal of Evolutionary Biological science. 26 (4): 810–819. doi:x.1111/jeb.12097. PMID 23442013.
9. ^ Nowak, R. Grand. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.). Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 566. ISBN978-0-8018-5789-8.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Soini, P. (1982). "Ecology and population dynamics of the pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea". Folia Primatologica. 39 (1–ii): 1–21. doi:10.1159/000156066. PMID 6815036.
11. ^ ^{a b} Kinzey, W. Thou. (1997). "Synopsis of New Earth primates (16 genera)". In Kinzey, Westward. G. (ed.). New World Primates: Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior. New York: Aldine De Gruyter. pp. 169–324.
12. ^ ^{a b} Sussman, R. W. (2000). Primate Ecology and Social Structure. Vol. two: New Globe Monkeys. Needham Heights, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing.
13. ^ ^{a b} Jackson, C. P. (2011). "The positional behavior of pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) in northwestern Bolivia". Primates. 52 (2): 171–178. doi:x.1007/s10329-011-0237-7. PMID 21360318. S2CID 36923830.
14. ^ Genoud, One thousand.; Martin, R. D.; Glaser, D. (1997). "Rate of metabolism in the smallest simian primate, the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea)". American Journal of Primatology. 41 (3): 229–245. doi:x.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)41:three<229::Aid-AJP5>three.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 9057967.
15. ^ Lang, Kristina Cawthon. "Primate Factsheets: Pygmy marmoset (Callithrix pygmaea) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Environmental". Retrieved 24 September 2013.
16. ^ Nancy G. Solomon; Jeffrey A. French (1997). Cooperative Breeding in Mammals . Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–54. ISBN9780521454919.
17. ^ ^{a b} Ziegler, T. East.; Snowdon, C. T.; Bridson, Due west. E. (1990). "Reproductive functioning and excretion of urinary estrogens and gonadotropins in the female pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea)". American Journal of Primatology. 22 (iii): 191–203. doi:x.1002/ajp.1350220305. PMID 31952429. S2CID 86258142.
18. ^ Heymann, E. Westward.; Soini, P. (1999). "Offspring number in pygmy marmosets, Cebuella pygmaea, in relation to group size and the number of adult males". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 46 (6): 400–404. doi:10.1007/s002650050635. S2CID 23577540.
19. ^ ^{a b c} de la Torre, S.; Snowdon, C. T. (2002). "Ecology correlates of vocal communication of wild pygmy marmosets, Cebuella pygmaea". Animal Behaviour. 63 (5): 847–856. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1978. S2CID 53188541.
20. ^ ^{a b} Snowdon, C. T.; Cleveland, J. (1980). "Individual recognition of contact calls by pygmy marmosets". Brute Behaviour. 28 (three): 717–727. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(fourscore)80131-X. S2CID 53186935.
21. ^ Elowson, A. M.; Snowdon, C. T.; Lazaro-Perea, C. (1998). "'Babbling' and social context in infant monkeys: Parallels to man infants". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. ii (one): 31–37. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01115-7. PMID 21244960. S2CID 20241230.
22. ^ Snowdon, C. T.; Ziegler, T. E. (2007). "Growing up cooperatively: Family processes and infant care in marmosets and tamarins" (PDF). The Periodical of Developmental Processes. 2 (1): 40–66. Retrieved 22 Nov 2012.
23. ^ Goldizen, A. Westward. (1988). "Tamarin and marmoset mating systems: Unusual flexibility" (PDF). Trends in Environmental & Development. three (2): 36–56. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(88)90045-6. hdl:2027.42/27403. PMID 21227069.
24. ^ Davies, N. B.; Krebs, J. R.; West, Southward. A. (2012). "Mating systems". An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 258. ISBN978-i-4443-9845-8 . Retrieved 1 December 2012.
25. ^ Bicca-Marques, J. C. (2003). "Sexual pick and the development of foraging behavior in male and female tamarins and marmosets" (PDF). In Jones, C. (ed.). Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Primates: New Perspectives and Directions. Norman, OK: American Gild of Primatologists. pp. 455–475.
26. ^ Snowdon, C. T.; Elowson, A. M. (1999). "Pygmy marmosets modify call structure when paired". Ethology. 105 (10): 893–908. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0310.1999.00483.ten.
27. ^ Converse, L. J.; Carlson, A. A.; Ziegler, T. Due east.; Snowdon, C. T. (1995). "Communication of ovulatory state to mates by female pygmy marmosets, Cebuella pygmaea". Animate being Behaviour. 49 (3): 615–621. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80194-four. S2CID 54321327.
28. ^ Soini, P. (1988). "The pygmy marmoset, genus Cebuella". In Mittermeier, R. A.; Coimbra-Filho, A. F.; da Fonseca, Thousand. A. B. (eds.). Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates. Vol. ii. Washington DC: Earth Wildlife Fund. pp. 79–129. OCLC 180684863.
29. ^ Suddath, Claire. "Pygmy Marmoset." Fourth dimension.com. Fourth dimension, 3 January. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2013.
30. ^ de la Torre, S. (2000). "Furnishings of human activities on wild pygmy marmosets in Ecuadorian Amazonia". Biological Conservation. 94 (2): 153–163. doi:ten.1016/S0006-3207(99)00183-4.
31. ^ "Pygmy Marmoset." Sandiego Zoo. Sandiego Zoo, north.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2013.
32. ^ ^{a b c d} Douglas, Long. "How Much Does a Finger Monkey Cost?". FingerMonkey.the states . Retrieved 24 March 2018.
33. ^ ^{a b} Kulwant, Singh. "Finger Monkey: Information, Fact and Cost of keeping". loyfly. loyfly. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
34. ^ ^{a b} Ben, Garrod (28 Feb 2016). "No more monkey business: why primates should never be pets". The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2018.
35. ^ ^{a b} National Primate Inquiry Center. "Primates every bit Pets". Primate Info Net. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
36. ^ "Primates kept equally pets | rspca.org.uk". RSPCA. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
37. ^ Corkery, Michael (nine December 2017). "How the Fingerling Caught On (Robot Grip and All) equally 2017's Hot Toy". The New York Times.

External links [edit]

• Twin albino pygmy marmosets born in Sweden
• Primate Info Net Callithrix pygmaea Factsheet

hillprideaught.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_marmoset

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